(一) 水肿液的性状

组织间液是从血浆滤出的，含有血浆全部晶体成分。根据水肿液中所含蛋白量的多少可将水肿液分为漏出液和渗出液，后者蛋白含量高，见于炎症。

(二) 水肿的皮肤特点

皮下水肿是水肿的重要体征，表现为皮肤肿胀、光亮、弹性差、皱纹变浅，用手指按压会出现凹陷，称为凹陷性水肿或显性水肿。全身水肿患者在出现凹陷性水肿之前己有组织间液增多，甚至可达原体重的10% ，这种情况称隐性水肿。隐形水肿阶段之所以没有出现皮肤凹陷是因为在组织间隙分布着透明质酸、胶原及带多糖等，对液体有强大

的吸附能力和膨胀性，只有当液体积聚的量超过这些物质的吸附能力时，才形成游离的液体，游离液体在组织间隙有移动性，用手按压皮肤，游离液体从按压点向周围散开，形成凹陷。

(三)全身性水肿的分布特点

最常见的全身性水肿是心源性水肿、肾性水肿和肝性水肿。水肿出现的首发部位各不相同: ①心源性水肿首先出现在低垂部位，如下肢，这是因为毛细血管的流体静压与重力有关，与心脏水平面垂直距离越远的部位毛细血管的流体静压越高;②肾性水肿最先出现在眼险、面部，这是因为水肿液的积聚与组织结构的特点有关，组织结构疏松、伸展

度大的组织容易积聚水肿液，因肾性水肿与重力无关，所以首先出现在组织结构疏松、伸展度大的眼险和面部;③肝'性水肿多见腹水，如肝硬化的腹水。

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